Understanding Winds The Atmosphere in Motion

Wind may be associated with some of the weathers most complex  storms, but its beginnings couldnt be simpler. Defined as the horizontal movement of air from one location to another, winds are created from differences in air pressure. Because unequal heating of the Earths surface causes these pressure differences, the energy source that generates wind is ultimately the Sun. After winds are started, a combination of three forces are responsible for controlling its movement--the pressure gradient force, the Coriolis force, and friction. The Pressure Gradient Force Its a general rule of meteorology that air flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. As this happens, air molecules at the place of higher pressure build up as they get ready to push toward the lower pressure. This force that pushes air from one location to another is known as the pressure gradient force. It is the force that accelerates air parcels and thus, starts the wind blowing. The strength of the pushing force, or pressure gradient force, depends on (1) how much of a difference there is in air pressures and (2) the amount of distance between the pressure areas. The force will be stronger if the difference in pressure is larger or the distance between them is shorter, and vice versa. The Coriolis Force If Earth didnt rotate, air would flow straight, in a direct path from high to low pressure. But because Earth rotates towards the east, air (and all other free-moving objects) are deflected to the right of their path of motion in the Northern Hemisphere. (Theyre deflected to the left in the Southern Hemisphere). This deviation is known as the Coriolis force. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to wind speed. This means that the stronger the wind blows, the stronger the Coriolis will deflect it rightward. Coriolis is also dependent on latitude. Its strongest at the poles and weakens the closer one travels toward 0 ° latitude (the equator). Once the equator is reached, the Coriolis force is nonexistent. Friction Take your foot and move it across a carpeted floor. The resistance you feel when doing this--moving one object across another--is friction. The same thing happens with wind as it blows over the surface of the ground. Friction from it passing over terrain--trees, mountains, and even soil--interrupts the airs movement and acts to slow it down. Because friction reduces wind, it can be thought of as the force that opposes the pressure gradient force. Its important to note that friction is only present within a few kilometers of Earths surface. Above this height, its effects are too small to take into account. Measuring Wind Wind is a vector quantity. This means it has two components: speed and direction. Wind speed is measured using an anemometer and is given in miles per hour or knots. Its direction is determined from a weather vane or windsock and is expressed in terms of the direction from which it blows. For example, if winds are blowing from the north to the south they are said to be northerly, or from the north. Wind Scales As a way to more easily relate wind speed to observed conditions at land and sea, and expected storm strength and property damage, wind scales are commonly used. Beaufort Wind ScaleInvented in 1805 by Sir Francis Beaufort (a Royal Navy officer and Admiral), the Beaufort scale helped sailors estimate wind speed without using instruments. They did this by taking visual observations of how the sea behaved when winds were present. These observations were then matched to the Beaufort scale chart, and the corresponding wind speed could be estimated. In 1916, the scale was extended to include land.The original scale is comprised of thirteen categories ranging from 0 to 12. In the 1940s, five additional categories (13 to 17) were added. Their use was reserved for tropical cyclones and hurricanes. (These Beaufort numbers are seldom used since the Saffir-Simpson scale serves this same purpose.)Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind ScaleThe Saffir-Simpson Scale describes the likely effects and property damage by a landfalling or passing hurricane based on the strength of a storms maximum sustained wind speed. It separates hurricanes into five categories, from 1 to 5, based on winds.Enhanced Fujita ScaleThe Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale rates the strength of tornadoes based on the amount of damage their winds are capable of causing. It separates tornadoes into six categories, from 0 to 5, based on winds. Wind Terminology These terms are often used in weather forecasts to convey specific wind strength and duration. Terminology Defined as... Light and variable Wind speeds below 7 kts (8 mph) Breeze A gentle wind of 13-22 kts (15-25 mph) Gust A burst of wind that causes wind speed to increase by 10+ kts (12+ mph), then decrease by 10+ kts (12+ mph) Gale An area of sustained surface winds of 34-47 kts (39-54 mph) Squall A strong wind that increases 16+ kts (18+ mph) and maintains an overall speed of 22+ kts (25+ mph) for at least 1 minute

The Is A Key Factor Of An Individual - 942 Words

dentity is a key factor of an individual in the society. Identity often is skewed despite the rhetorical statement: â€Å"You are who you are.† However, many times a society unconsciously attempts to mold the identities of individuals into homogenous products. The important thing is not to let yourself prejudge individuals or acts of people because this creates an assumption that brings a stigma against the individual. Transgender people face the difficult challenge of being accepted into society because they either do not fit a traditional gender assignment to their sex, or they are not willing to specify a particular gender recognized by society. It is a shame that society would force a person to hide their identity but many have concealed themselves in order to conform into social norms. One group that has been socially marginalized and forced to hide their true selves are the transgender community. The definition of transgender is â€Å"Appearing as, wishing to be conside red as, or having undergone surgery to become a member of the opposite sex.† (â€Å"Free Dictionary†) People have many prejudices and ideas of what transgender is but many times these are erroneous. Transgender people have been in society since it began but have been forced into hiding due to society’s ignorance, tendency to categorize, and lack of knowledge. Is there a distinction between the mind and the body? And if so, where does a person’s sense of self and consciousness lay? If consciousness lies within theShow MoreRelatedReshaping Organizational Culture Using the Burke-Litwin Model1110 Words   |  4 Pagestwelve different factors. The factors are integrated, such that a change in one factor will have an effect on all of the other factors. The team at CGIAR took this approach to their change program, focusing on a few factors that they believed were the key drivers of change. 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How to Write a Project Charter.Docx Uploaded Successfully Free Essays

How to Write a Project Charter By Joe Raasch, eHow Member I want to do this! What’s This? User-Submitted Article Ever get partway through a project and forget why you were doing the project? Or maybe the project team has grown a bit larger than you expected? With a project charter, you can mitigate or eliminate these and other project management challenges. It is helpful to write a project charter before starting any business project. This simple, one-page document will provide an anchor and guide as you move forward in executing, implementing or solving the project you have. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Write a Project Charter.Docx Uploaded Successfully or any similar topic only for you Order Now Difficulty: Moderately Easy Instructions Things You’ll Need: * A completed project charter template Choose a Project Charter Template 1. 1 Check with your colleagues or your organization’s project management office for any prevailing templates. 2. 2 Ensure the project charter template in some way covers the following areas: project name, problem statement, project team, start date, end date, project goals, project financial impact, project sponsor, project scope. 3. 3 Everyone on your project team will need to have the applicable software, such as MS Word or PowerPoint, to read the project charter. Complete the Project Charter 4. 1 Complete the project name. The name should help identify what the project is about. For example, â€Å"New Science Lab Installation Project† or â€Å"Mortgage Application Cycle Time Reduction Project. † 5. 2 Complete the project summary section. You should write a brief paragraph that tells anyone with basic knowledge of your organization/department what you are doing as a project. 6. 3 Complete the problem statement section. Ask yourself what problem or issue you are trying to solve by doing this project. For example, â€Å"the mortgage application process is taking 3 weeks longer than what is acceptable by our clients. 7. 4 Complete the project goal section. What do you expect to accomplish by completing this project? Use S. M. A. R. T. goals: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Time bound. For example, â€Å"The goal of this project is to reduce the time it takes to process a new mortgage application from 4 weeks to 2 weeks by the end of second quarter this year. † 8. 5 Complete the project team section. If you do not know the specific names of team members at this time, put in the job titles. Some examples are Assistant Project Manager, Business Analyst or Operations Tech. 9. Complete the financial section. Here is where you estimate the financial impact of doing the project. Will there be savings of actual expenses? Cost avoidance? Increase in revenue? You will want to restate your project goal as part of this section. For example, â€Å"by reducing the cycle time of new mortgage applications, we will receive our fees 50 percent faster, resulting in an increase in revenue. † 10. 7 Complete the start and stop date. When will work begin on the project? What is the estimated completion date of the project? 11. 8 Complete the project sponsor section. Who in the management or executive ranks is directly supporting this project? 12. 9 Complete the project scope section. This is where you determine exactly what will and will not be part of the project focus. We are doing this in Step 9 to give you an opportunity to tighten up your problem statement if needed. For example, â€Å"new mortgage applications are in scope, refinancing or home equity mortgages are out of scope. † Read more: How to Write a Project Charter | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/how_2180920_write-project-charter. html#ixzz0zZRVWz7N How to cite How to Write a Project Charter.Docx Uploaded Successfully, Essay examples